Turbine blade

New blade milling concept

CoroMill 600 is a modern innovative milling cutter – a completely new design based on a unique state-of-the-art platform of tool elements. Developed for roughing and semi-finshing of turbine blades for the power industry, this is a round-insert cutter enabling a completely new approach to meet the challenges of blade machining.

There are five new elements to the new concept:

• insert-seat interface; this factor has recently taken on a new, broader importance because of its broader effect on the possibilities made available. The iLock concept was introduced to indexable insert cutting tools to ensure absolute positioning of the insert in the toolholder/cutter body. The insert is easier to rotate into position at indexing or replacing by operators with gloves on. The carefully developed design of accurately matching rails and grooves having the best form and sizes has had a far-reaching effect on cutting edge stability, accuracy, security and tool-handling. The implications of this is that the inserts of the CoroMill 600 cutter is no longer dependent upon support from the sides of the insert seats for locking insert and indexation/fixation of insert, leaving the field free to provide inserts with completely new optimized geometries, that were previously impossible to consider. New visions are possible with regard to cutting action, cutting-geometry variations along the edgeline, feed-rate optimizations, etc.
• the cutter body of CoroMill 600 is of a completely new design, optimized for curvature milling such as involved in 4- and 5-axis milling of turbine blades. The form and clearance of the cutter body means optimization of tool path possibilities, higher machining security and improved chip evacuation. A differential insert-pitch minimizes vibration tendencies.
• new insert-geometries are evolving for the CoroMill 600 ranging from light-cutting to medium-duty machining capabilities. Inserts are direct pressed through the latest insert-manufacturing processes. The light-cutting insert has as good as or often better performance than available ground inserts with a similar geometry. This insert has a sharp, positive, but strong cutting edge with optimized micro geometry for various blade materials.
• a new insert grade development has been completed for the CoroMill 600 tools. A brand new CVD-coated grade, especially developed and optimized for turbine-blade milling has enabled performance to be improved for the wide range of martensitic stainless steel blades. The grade represents a new combination of insert substrate, coating and manufacturing processes. Complimentary, modern CVDand PVD-coated insert grades for other occurring blade materials have been proven and are established solutions.
• high pressure coolant, air or minimal lubrication facilities are part of the CoroMill 600 cutter. The standard HP concept has been prepared for at each insert seat, with the optional jet directed for improved chip formation. This is to create a hydraulic wedge of coolant for the more demanding materials or for compressed air to improve chip flow and evacuation – a key factor in milling blades, when cutting speeds are relatively low.

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Rough machining

Unique insert seat technology

Aerofoil machining

Involves selecting tools for the semifinishing and finishing of the blade contour. These are based on blade-size, machinery and methods. To achieve optimum results, the choice of tool needs to be in relation to the amount of material and the sculptured surface. The CoroMill 300 round insert cutter is an excellent profiling cutter for five-axis machining, with good clearance, light cutting action and a broad range for semi-finishing. It is capable of high-feed semi-finishing with an extra-close pitch version with, if any, only minimal vibration tendencies. The 12 and 8 mm IC inserts, in different geometries, can be selected along with diameter and pitch for optimum performance.

Semi-finishing and finishing the aerofoil is profiling passes with CoroMill Plura solid carbide end mills or with exchangeable heads in CoroMill 316. The semi-finishing operation will influence the surface finish achieved in the final finishing operation. The aim should be to generate a very regular, uniform level of residue material, if necessary through two semi-finish operations. Vibration tendencies are another factor that affects the quality result which can be affected by the cutter engagement, feed, approach and cutting action of the tool employed.

The CoroMill Plura programme is a modern development of solid carbide end mills in advanced grades for all component materials. The geometry development has taken the demands of milling in today’s machines. Flute depth is varied and has been adapted to suit cuts providing best core stiffness and space for efficient chip evacuation in blade machining.

End milling operations have been largely dominated by two somewhat overlapping application areas as regards tool types – indexable insert cutters and solid carbide cutters. These areas have been segregated mainly by tool-diameter, operation type and the component finish required. Indexable insert end mills have no upper diameter limit but, for practical reasons, have a lower diameter limit – often 12 or 16 mm. Solid carbide end mills, on the other hand, can be of diameters down to tenths of a mm but usually have an economical upper diamater-limit around 25 mm.

As regards type of operations and finish, indexable insert cutters are flexible, high metal removal rate tools, well suited for most operations while solid carbide cutters have close tool-tolerances and can provide high finishes and accuracy, especially at large axial depth of cut thanks to long radial cutting edges.

While a solid carbide tool is one, complete precision tool, integrated from shank to cutting edge, an indexable insert tool is made up of two tool elements which means broad variation and optimization possibilities. In between the two areas provided by the indexable insert and solid carbide tools, there is a potential area for an alternative tool solution which overlaps both. One that provides both cutting edge indexability and the benefits of solid carbide tooling for small to medium size end mill diameters.

The CoroMill 316 exchangeable head milling system has the sophistication of Plura solid carbide cutting edges combined with an advanced coupling between head and tool shank. It offers very extensive capability with a programme of Plura heads where the range of shanks provide broad machine tool suitability. The CoroMill 316 tooling is balanced by design and so capable of relatively high spindle speed. It combines the advantages of tool-cost efficiency with tool-handling efficiency. The combination of high speeds and multi-tooth head options provide the capability of very high feed rates as well as high cutting speed. The exchangeable-head concept also makes it easier to adapt the cutter geometry to various workpiece materials and conditions. The design of heads provides good machining stability and minimized tool deflection tendencies through helix and differential pitches.

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Advanced coupling

The shroud and hub area of the blade

Involving surfaces leading up to and at the transitional radii between the root and the head of the blade, is usually seen as a stand-alone operation, involving dedicated tools. The rest-milling necessary in the roughing is quite a demanding operation which needs a cutter capable of high material removal rate during flank and point engagement.

A conical end mill is ideal and depending upon the blade size, either as an indexable cutter or solid carbide end mill, of which CoroMill Plura offers a good choice. When it comes to optimizing productivity in this operation when there is plenty of material, a dedicated indexable insert cutter is usually the best solution. A ballnose cutter in combination with a longedge cutter will do the job in subsequent operations – CoroMill 216 and CoroMill 390 being the optimum choices.

However, this is an operation begging for a dedicated-cutter solution. This has been answered by the design of a special conical ballnose end mill which combines the best of CoroMill technology in one. This tool provides the means with which to rough-mill the shroud and hub fillets after the rhombus has been roughed and before the finishing operations commence. In one operation – or at the very least fewer passes than many existing solutions – the transitional area is shaped ready for a semi-finishing operation. This cutter can be adapted to suit various sizes of blades using standard indexable inserts proven for each cut. This state-of-the-art special tool design offers a new solution to a demanding, often time and tool consuming operation where productivity improvements are considerable.

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New developments for roughing and finishing with conical ballnose end mills